US presidential election 2024: Trump’s top Republican challengers

 The path to the 2024 US presidential election begins almost as soon as midterm elections end – and several candidates are already waiting in the wings.

Former president Donald Trump has announced he will run for the party’s nominating contest, vowing to “make America great and glorious again”.

But while he remains popular with Republican voters, an underwhelming midterm performance, due in part to losses for Trump-endorsed candidates, has left him more vulnerable.

The ex-president, who will be 78 in two years, is likely to face a stiff challenge from a coterie of Republican hopefuls, including some who once backed him.

Nikki Haley announced her bid for the presidency in Mid-February, becoming the first major Republican candidate to commit to taking on Mr Trump.

Once considered one of the Republican Party’s brightest young prospects, Nikki Haley has kept a lower profile in recent years.

Nikki Haley

Born in South Carolina to Punjabi Sikh immigrants, Ms Haley became the youngest governor in the country in 2009. She earned national attention in 2015 after calling for the removal of the Confederate flag from the South Carolina Capitol.

Despite saying she was “not a fan” of Mr Trump in 2016, she later accepted his nomination to be the US ambassador to the United Nations, a tenure marked by her dramatic exit from a UN Security Council meeting as a Palestinian envoy was speaking.

Ron DeSantis

Florida Governor Ron DeSantis has worked hard to emulate Mr Trump, and is viewed as a strong candidate to supplant him at this early stage.

He romped to re-election in the midterm elections by more than 1.5 million votes, the largest margin in the state in more than four decades.

At 44 years old, the Harvard and Yale-educated lawyer is still a relative newcomer in US politics.

He once served in the US Navy, including a tour in Iraq. He was also a little-known member of the House of Representatives from 2013 to 2018.

But Mr DeSantis has seen his star rise considerably since he became governor in 2019, a role in which he positions himself as an enthusiastic champion of conservativism.

He eschewed mask and vaccine mandates during the Covid pandemic, signed anti-riot laws in the wake of racial justice protests, and backed legislation to limit LGBT education in primary schools. Under his tenure, Republican voters outnumber Democrats in the state for the first time.

Mr Trump appears to be paying very close attention, recently nicknaming his rival “Ron DeSanctimonious” and threatening to release unflattering details about him if he runs in 2024.

Mike Pence

For four years, Mike Pence was a loyal deputy to Mr Trump as his vice-president – until 2021’s Capitol riot splintered their relationship.

The son of a Korean War veteran, Mr Pence began his career in conservative politics as a talk radio host.

He was elected to the House in 2000 and served until 2013, describing himself as a “principled conservative” and aligning with the Tea Party movement.

He also served as governor of Indiana from 2013 to 2017. In that role, he passed the largest tax cut in state history, and signed bills to restrict abortion and protect religious freedom.

Mr Pence, 63, is a born-again evangelical Christian and his addition to the 2016 presidential ticket is credited with helping turn out evangelicals, a crucial voting bloc, for Mr Trump.

Calm and soft-spoken, he was seen as an effective surrogate to the bomb-throwing Donald. But Mr Trump turned on him for lacking “courage” after he refused to help overturn the 2020 election results.

Pro-Trump rioters stormed the US Capitol in January 2021 and were heard chanting “Hang Mike Pence!”. At one point, they were reportedly within 40ft (12m) of the vice-president.

The two have kept their distance since then, with Mr Pence endorsing several Republican candidates during the 2021 midterm elections, including Georgia Governor Brian Kemp, whose opponent Mr Trump backed.

Liz Cheney

The daughter of former vice-president Dick Cheney was once a rising star in the Republican Party, serving as its third-highest ranking member in the House from 2019 to 2021.

A fiscal and social conservative with interventionist foreign policy views, she won her father’s old seat in 2017, going on to represent Wyoming in Congress, and voted in lockstep with the Trump administration.

But she fell out of favour with Republicans after repeatedly criticising Mr Trump and then voting to impeach him for his role in the 6 January Capitol riots.

She was dumped from her leadership post, formally reprimanded and is no longer recognised by the Wyoming Republican Party.

Ms Cheney, 56, went on to become one of only two Republicans on the congressional committee investigating the Capitol riots. As vice-chair, she has led the charge to hold Mr Trump and others accountable.

The role cost her her job this August, with the former president endorsing an opponent who thrashed her by a near-40% margin in the Wyoming primary race.

But Ms Cheney still considers herself a Republican, vowing to do whatever she must “to help restore our party”.

IMAGE SOURCE,GETTY IMAGES

Mike Pompeo

As a congressman from Kansas, Mike Pompeo issued a stark warning in 2016 that Mr Trump would be “an authoritarian president who ignored our Constitution”.

An Army veteran who graduated first in his class from the prestigious West Point military academy, he served in the House between 2011 and 2017.

The Harvard-educated lawyer would go on to serve as CIA director and secretary of state in the Trump administration.

He played a role in major US foreign policy overtures, from helping plan Mr Trump’s summits with North Korea’s Kim Jong-un to helping overturn decades of US policy toward Israel. But he also courted controversy, including clashes with reporters and at least two ethics investigations.

IMAGE SOURCE,GETTY IMAGES

Glenn Youngkin

Glenn Youngkin thrilled the Republican Party when he won the governor’s race in Virginia in 2021. A political novice who spent 25 years at the Carlyle Group private equity firm, he beat a man who had been in Democratic politics since the 1980s.

In a state that has trended toward Democrats in recent years, Mr Youngkin criticised partisan politics as “too toxic” and campaigned on a tone of bipartisanship.

But the 55-year-old has waded into hot-button topics since his first day in charge, from revoking the state’s Covid-19 restrictions to banning the teaching of critical race theory in schools.

He supported Republicans around the country in the midterm elections. At one campaign stop, he drew criticism for making light of the violent assault of House Speaker Nancy Pelosi’s husband and later apologised.

IMAGE SOURCE,GETTY IMAGES

Rick Scott

Rick Scott, a 70-year-old lawmaker from Florida, was tasked with helping Republicans win back the Senate during the midterms.

He failed in that goal, but in the key campaign role, he backed and raised money for candidates all around the country – ingratiating himself to potential supporters.

A former two-term Florida governor, he has been under fire from Democrats recently after proposing major reductions in the size of the federal government.

Others who could run

Tim Scott: The 57-year-old from South Carolina is the first African-American politician to serve in both chambers of Congress and is the first black Republican Senator since 1979.

Ted Cruz: The senator from Texas, 52, made a strong showing in the Republican primary for the 2016 presidential election before placing second behind Mr Trump.

Larry Hogan: A skin cancer survivor, the moderate 66-year-old Republican has served as governor of Maryland – a Democrat-friendly state – since 2015.

Greg Abbott: The first Texas governor to use a wheelchair, Mr Abbott, 65, has championed conservative policies since his election in 2014.

Kristi Noem: South Dakota’s first female governor, 51, garnered national attention with her opposition to Covid restrictions and has been eager to wade into national conversations.

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As cash runs out, Pakistan introduces bill to unlock IMF funds

 Measures proposed to secure crucial loan tranche include raising the country’s general sales tax by a percentage point to 18 percent.

Islamabad, Pakistan – The Pakistani government has tabled a 170 billion rupee ($643m) finance bill to help the cash-strapped country secure funds from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to stave off default.

Presented before Parliament on Wednesday evening by Finance Minister Ishaq Dar, the measures include raising the general sales tax by a percentage point to 18 percent and follow hikes in the price of fuel and gas earlier this week as part of efforts to meet the global lender’s conditions for the release of a $1.1bn loan tranche, originally due in November 2022.

The bill will be put up for debate in Pakistan’s Senate, the upper house of Parliament, on Friday. Dar said he expected it to be approved by early next week.

It comes after an IMF delegation visited Pakistan late last month to discuss the ninth review of a $6.5bn bailout programme that Pakistan entered in 2019.

While the government failed to sign a staff-level agreement with the IMF team after 10 days of negotiations, it is expected that the bill’s approval will result in the IMF unlocking the $1.1bn installment, as well as Pakistan’s allies providing it with much-needed external financing.

Pakistan was able to secure the previous tranche of $1.17bn in August last year after the IMF approved the seventh and eighth review of the package, with the central bank possessing at the time more than $8bn in foreign reserves.

The delay in completing the ninth review, however, has sent the country’s economy spiralling down further – foreign reserves have dwindled to $2.9bn, covering less than just three weeks of imports.

Devastating floods last year that caused damage worth more than $30bn – and that forced millions from their homes and destroyed infrastructure and crops – have only compounded hardship in a country mired in financial and political crises.

With inflation at 27.5 percent, the country’s highest in nearly 50 years, experts see difficult days ahead for Pakistan’s population following the imposition of new taxes and austerity measures.

Ratings agency Fitch on Tuesday also predicted a gloomy outlook, downgrading Pakistan’s rating to CCC – and said inflation could touch 33 percent in the next few months. The World Bank, in its global outlook report issued in January, revised growth projections from four percent in June last year to two percent for the current fiscal year, citing the “precarious economic situation, low foreign exchange reserves and large fiscal and current account deficits” among the primary reasons.

Sajid Amin Javed, a senior economist associated with the Sustainable Development Policy Institute in Islamabad, said the negotiations between the government and the IMF involved known issues that Pakistan had already agreed upon when entering the programme.

“A country goes to the IMF when it has no other option. It tells the lender of its needs, and the lender then asks what the government will do to fix its economic problems, before agreeing to give the money. The country then writes a letter of intent to IMF, committing to undertake reforms,” Amin told Al Jazeera.

The reason why Pakistan and the IMF continued to debate and argue over the sticking points, said Amin, was because of “Pakistan’s own waste of time”.

“Why do we have to wait for IMF to tell us that [the] rupee should be determined on [the] market rate?” Amin asked. “You don’t need an Einstein to tell you that for a country which has exponentially more imports than its exports, its reserves are so dangerously low, why do you want to keep rupee inflated artificially?”

The Pakistani rupee has dropped more than 15 percent against the United States dollar since the removal of an exchange cap opposed by the IMF in a bid to revive the bailout. Pakistan’s central bank in the past has used its foreign exchange reserves to keep the Pakistani rupee propped up for extended periods of time. Official statistics, meanwhile, show that the country’s total import bill between July 2021 and June 2022 surpassed $80bn, with exports totalling $31bn in the same period.

For Amin, the overarching problem behind the failure to implement the IMF programme sooner was the lack of political stability in the country.

“All the delays, reversals, and hesitation in this programme, it is all due to political instability,” he said. “We should not do politics on economy and reforms. Otherwise you will have to suffer the consequences.”

In April 2022, the government of Prime Minister Imran Khan, chief of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) political party, was removed through a parliamentary vote of no confidence.

Weeks before his removal, Khan decided to reduce fuel prices, which were on the rise globally amid the Russia-Ukraine war.

“When the PTI saw that it was going to lose the vote of no confidence, it took myopic economic decisions to ensure they leave a minefield for the incoming government, forcing them to feel the heat,” Amin said.

Asad Sayeed, a Karachi-based economist associated with the research firm Collective for Social Science Research, also called the fuel-price decision a “complete, utter violation of the IMF agreement”.

Sayeed went on to say that Dar, who became finance minister in September, undertook similar actions that went against what the IMF had asked Pakistan to do.

“He came in with the mind to reduce inflation. He decided to control the dollar rate in the market and suppress imports. What he did was perhaps not as stark as what the previous government did, but it equally hurt the country’s economy,” Sayeed told Al Jazeera.

But Hammad Azhar, a former energy minister and senior PTI leader, defended the decision to reduce fuel prices following the start of the war in Ukraine.

“When we gave the subsidy, we had arranged financing for it which we showed to IMF. Plus, we were also arranging oil from Russia, which meant reduced load on our economy,” Azhar said. “But we were pushed out of government. If the incoming government thinks it was such a problem and it caused a rupture of trust, why didn’t they reverse it immediately?”

Sayeed said the new government of Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif “delayed decision-making” from November 2022, when the latest package disbursement was suspended, until this month.

“This meant all the price adjustments will also be steeper, and more painful. All these inflationary impacts will impact their own voters,” he said. “The situation could have been made relatively smoother, less volatile if they had agreed to implement steps earlier. But they will have to do it now, and it will be akin to political suicide.”

Pakistan is scheduled to have its general elections in October this year. Amin pointed out that a government lacking an electoral mandate would typically find it hard to implement painful measures.

“A government can make tough economic decisions knowing it will not have to worry about losing political currency,” he said. “They don’t have to worry about upcoming elections or pleasing its constituents.”

Pakistan first entered an IMF programme in 1958, just 11 years after independence. It has since gone back to the lender another 22 times.

For Alia Moubayed, a senior official at financial firm Jefferies and its chief economist for Pakistan,  the country’s history with the IMF is “undoubtedly complicated and controversial”.

“Pakistan is at a critical point, facing extreme financial stress again,” she told Al Jazeera. “Governance failures in my view are at the core of Pakistan’s problems, and IMF programmes alone cannot fix them without a strong local ownership and commitment to long-standing structural reforms. The IMF is necessary, but not sufficient to address such problems.”

Amin, however, sees a silver lining in these troubling times for the country, and believes that if Pakistan wants to emerge from the crisis, it must own the reforms it desperately needs.

“We have run out of options,” he said. “Our global partners are also refusing to bail us out like they used to in [the] past and nudging us to seek recourse from [the] IMF. We should be thankful to them. If somebody gives us money, we will again ignore the commitments made to IMF. So this lack of help from our friends is the big help we needed.”

SOURCE: AL JAZEERA

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US to return $1m embezzled by Nigerian ex-governor

 The US will repatriate nearly $1m (£840,000) to Nigeria which were embezzled by the former governor of an oil-producing state, the US Justice Department has said.

This is in accordance with an agreement between the two countries to repatriate assets traceable to the kleptocracy of former governor of Bayelsa state Diepreye Alamieyeseigha, the department said in a statement.

Mr Alamieyeseigha, now deceased, served as governor from 1999 until his impeachment in 2005.

While he was governor he accumulated property worth millions of dollars through corrupt and illegal activities, including property in Rockville, Maryland, the statement said.

The forfeited assets will be used to support improvements in health care centres across Bayelsa State.

Source: BBC

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South Korean defence minister denies Vietnam War massacres

 Minister said the court ruling dishonoured South Korean soldiers by finding them responsible for the massacre of Vietnamese villagers.

South Korean Defence Minister Lee Jong-Sup told a parliamentary committee on Friday that his ministry is certain there were “absolutely no massacres committed by our troops” during the Vietnam War, and the court decision damaged the honour of South Korean soldiers.

“We cannot agree with the ruling … We will hold discussions with related agencies to determine our next legal step,” Lee said when asked about the recent ruling by the Seoul Central District Court.

The court ordered the government to pay 30 million won ($23,000) to 62-year-old Nguyen Thi Thanh, who survived a gunshot to her stomach but lost five family members — including her mother and two siblings — after South Korean marines swept through her village of Phong Nhi in central Vietnam on February 12, 1968.

Thanh said in court filings that she was just eight years old when the massacre took place and that she was shot in the stomach by a South Korean soldier requiring her to spend almost a year in hospital.

According to US military documents and survivors, more than 70 people were killed that day when South Korean marines allegedly fired at unarmed civilians while occupying Phong Nhi and nearby Phong Nhut. The rampage followed after at least one South Korean soldier was injured by nearby enemy gunfire.

 

South Korean troops of the White Horse Division with three Vietnamese prisoners during the war in Vietnam in 1966

The February 7 ruling marked the first time a South Korean court has found the government responsible for mass killings of Vietnamese civilians during the war and could potentially open the way for similar lawsuits.

South Korea, which was then ruled by anti-communist military leaders, sent more than 320,000 personnel to Vietnam, the largest foreign contingent fighting alongside US troops.

In awarding the compensation to Thanh, the court dismissed the government’s claims that there was no conclusive evidence that South Korean troops were responsible for the killings. Government lawyers had suggested that the culprits may have been Vietnamese Communist fighters disguised in South Korean uniforms.

The lawyers were also unsuccessful in arguing that civilian killings were unavoidable because the South Korean troops were dealing with rebels who often blended in with everyday Vietnamese villagers.

Lee repeated those government arguments during Friday’s parliamentary session, saying the situation at the time was “very complicated”.

Thanh’s lawyers had claimed there was no way to justify the killings when South Korean veterans who spoke about the shootings said they did not face any meaningful resistance or aggression from villagers, who were rounded up and shot from close range.

South Korea’s Justice Ministry, which represents the government in lawsuits, said it would closely examine the court ruling and discuss it with related agencies, including the defence ministry, before determining whether to appeal.

The government must appeal within two weeks of formally receiving a copy of the ruling, which according to Thanh’s lawyers was delivered on Friday.

The Korea Times newspaper published an editorial shortly after the court ruling in favour of Thanh in which it called on the government to admit to atrocities during the Vietnam War.

“Yes, many Korean soldiers were killed and wounded in Vietnam due to the government’s policy. Some still suffer from aftereffects, including side effects of the defoliant Agent Orange,” the newspaper wrote.

“However, killing unarmed civilians, including women and children, is a war crime that is unjustifiable under any circumstance. The executive branch must admit what it must admit ― and apologize and compensate.”

SOURCE: AL JAZEERA, THE ASSOCIATED PRESS

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Everyday Activism Against Gender-Based Violence (GBV). By Sofonie Dala, Angola

 No one’s born violent - Everyday Activism Against Gender-Based Violence (GBV)

Angola

The first thing to understand about violence is that no individual is born violent. It is the circumstance that gives birth to it. Violence against women and girls is a human rights violation, and the immediate and long-term physical, sexual, and mental consequences for women and girls can be devastating, including death.

Every day a mother dies, a daughter dies, a neighbor dies, a student dies, a friend dies, a businesswoman dies. Not enough is done to prevent violence, and when it does occur, it often goes unpunished.

Hello good morning world!

we participated in the 16-day of activism against gender-based violence (an international initiative that takes place between 25 November and 10 December, starting with the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women and ending with Human Rights Day), and also observed the International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation that took place on 6 February 2023.

The goal of our program is to end violence against women, to make people aware that violence is not the solution to the problems we face, and to make a call upon governments and partners to show their solidarity to women’s rights movements and activists and inviting everyone to join the global movement in ‘pushing forward’ against the push back, to end violence against women once and for all.

Violence against women and girls is a human rights violation, and the immediate and long-term physical, sexual, and mental consequences for women and girls can be devastating, including death.

Every day women die, girls die, children are mistreated and this problem of domestic abuse has worsened in times of quarantine during the covid-19 pandemic. Parents who lost their jobs vented anger on their children, frustrated husbands vented anger on their wives, family members abused minors. Many people lost their lives, many wives were mistreated.

It is an evil that we must fight in our society, because violence against women is a violation of human rights, women are limited in everything, they have practically no right to anything in some societies, they often have no right to health and quality education; concluding and summarizing, there are many things that we still need to fight, we also have many women suffering from extreme poverty.

Reason why, we are here to draw the attention of the general population, especially men, to show solidarity in favor of this cause, which is to end gender-based violence, violence against women and girls.

Let's join forces and fight this evil. (Every day a mother dies, a daughter dies, a neighbor dies, a student dies, a friend dies, a businesswoman dies). We are not doing well using violence. We must educate our population, our society above all, sensitize people, propose new legislation on combating violence against women and domestic violence. Keeping people in schools can also reduce the level of violence, eliminate delinquency in neighborhoods, many girls are sexually abused in neighborhoods, especially in the most dangerous places, we have fathers without judgment who rape their own daughters. In general, our society needs to be more civilized to fight this crime.

Interview with suzana (victim of domestic violence)

Lady good afternoon,

Good afternoon, Thank you.

What's your name?

My name is Suzana Dembo João

We are promoting 16 days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence, Violence Against Women.

We would like to know. Have you ever been a victim of domestic violence?

Yes, I have been a victim of domestic violence.

Could you please tell us how you lived through that period?

Well the following happened to me:

At the beginning of the relationship everything was a sea of roses, but after a while things changed. We had only a 10-year union. It all started after 3 years of our union, when I had my second child, the man became very violent, very jealous, all for nothing it was a reason for jealousy.

I couldn't go out anymore, not even to say hello to the neighbors, the man was suspicious of everything. When he went to work, at work he was full of dark thoughts, he suspected that when his wife was at home she was having fun with other men. Even when I went out to visit my family, if I stayed a little longer with the family, it would be a reason for conflict.

He didn't know how to sit down to talk, he wasn't a man for conversation. He resolved all our conflicts at home with beatings, he beat me a lot. A little thing that happened at home was a reason for him to beat me up, when he imagined things that didn't exist he also ended all his anger at me. He was very brutal when he hit me, he would only stop until my face was inflamed.

Besides this kind of physical violence, has he ever committed another kind of violence? Even though you were living maritally, did he ever go so far as to sexually molest you?

Yes, he molested me sexually, too.

Whenever I had a family outing, he didn't feel right without molesting me first. He used to sexually violate me against my will. He would drag me into the bedroom to fulfill his sexual desires and would only let go until he was tired and satisfied. Over time he became so obsessed that he forced me to have anal intercourse. He raped me in the anus too.

When I tried to reject him he would beat me and force me, he even did it in front of our children. The children watched us when he forced me to have anal sex. He was a sadomasochist.

Ok, at that time were you studying?

Yes, I was studying, he was the one who enrolled me in school, paid the tuition, bought the school supplies and uniforms. But I stayed in school for 3 months only, after 3 months he changed his behavior.

He used to tell me that if I wanted to continue studying I should go to classes with the two children. I used to tell him that allowing me to study would be beneficial for both of us and for the family, because once I graduated I could get a job and help him with household expenses in the future.

He said that will never form his wife because it would be a waste of time. Being a graduated woman I would leave ungrateful, abandon him and find another man with more money than him.

Things started to get even more complicated. I studied at night because of my age, the last class ended at 8:00 pm, if I got home at 8:30 pm it was a big problem for him, he got to the point that made me drop out of school. I stayed at home to obey everything he used to order me.

Have you ever asked for help?

I tried. 

I really tried to report him to the  Organization of Angolan Women (OMA). But when I got there, I was out of money to open the process, they said that to open a complaint process one pays a fee. I had no money, I left la and never went back to OMA again.

Then I made the decision to separate from that person.

How long have you been separated from him?

It's been 8 or 10 years.

How many children did you have together?

2, we made a couple (a girl and a boy).

How is your life going now? Do you have a new relationship?

Thank God, I have a new husband, we've been together for 7 years, we have 3 little children together.

With my new husband I am more happier, he is a man who never hit me, no matter how wrong I am.

He is an understanding man, always has the patience to talk to me when we have problems. He is a good father to my children, a good husband and friend. I am very happy and I praise God for introducing me to this man.

What advice would you give to those women who are currently suffering from domestic and sexual violence and are unable to DENOUNCE it?

My sisters, listen to my advice: This problem of ours, habit and fear of hiding our aggressive husbands for being the father of our children, is a trap for ourselves. My sisters, a woman must not allow a man to make her suffer. When we get together with someone it is to be happy, do not allow these types of violence in your homes.

When the husband hits you for the first, second and third time, denounce him.

I wouldn't want anyone to go through what I went through. Even when I watch cases of violence against women, murdered by their husbands on television or on the radio, I get very shaken and depressed.

Be strong. No domestic violence!

Domestic violence is a crime. Report it. Hiding cases like these is a mistake, this is my advice to women.

Ok. Thank you very much!

No one’s born violent

The first thing to understand about violence is that no individual is born violent. It is the circumstance that gives birth to it.

“Educating women about their rights is not enough,” ending gender-based violence has to start with men. Domestic violence affects approximately one in every three women the world over, which is more than a quarter of all women in the world. “No man is born violent.” Violence is learned, and if it can be learned, it can be unlearned. Raising strong, ethical men starts with planning educational programs and community discussions.

This being said, not every violent person ends up a cold-blooded murderer. Sometimes, violence manifests itself in forms less severe, yet equally scarring. Incidents of brutality occurring in households or on the streets may not lead to homicide, but they just as well can destroy families and societies.

'BabyScream'' IBM RPA Anti-harassment chatbot to End Child Marriage. The tech show with Sofonie Dala

We designed an Anti-harassment chatbot named BabyScream to help victims of child marriage, domestic violence and sexual abuse, denounce harmful practices. The bot connects users with agent-defenders, allows victims to report harmful practices and denounce their aggressors.

Children are increasingly undergoing abuse, yes. Violence has increased within our communities. Cases of child marriage have increased; issues of children being murdered have also been heard of in many areas.

LEARN MORE HERE:

https://sofoniedala.blogspot.com/2022/04/wow-we-are-delighted-to-announce-second.html

Violence against women and girls is defined as any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women and girls, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life.

JOIN US HERE:

https://act4sdgs.org/profile/sofonie_dala_1

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